Types of Sharia Contracts/Agreements in Indonesia

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Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "President Prabowo Calls to the World to End the Gaza Tragedy", "Jamal was arrested by Singaporean authorities after swimming illegally from Batam", you may read also "Chinese Tourist Fined for Urinating in Public" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Types of Sharia Contracts/Agreements in Indonesia'.

Introduction

The development of Islamic economics in Indonesia has grown rapidly, especially after the enactment of Law No. 21 of 2008 on Islamic Banking and Law No. 19 of 2008 on Sovereign Sukuk (SBSN). One of the fundamental aspects of Islamic economic practice is the 'akad' (contract/agreement), which serves as the legal basis for the validity of a transaction in accordance with Sharia principles. These contracts are not only applied in the banking sector but also in financing, investment, insurance, and the Islamic capital market.

Legal Foundations

1. The Qur’an – principles of muamalah (transactions) based on justice, mutual consent, and prohibition of riba (usury) (Surah Al-Baqarah: 275–279).
2. Hadith of the Prophet – emphasizing clarity, fairness, and mutual consent in transactions.
3. Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (KHES, 2008) – a legal reference for resolving disputes in Islamic economic activities.
4. DSN-MUI Fatwas – providing detailed guidelines for various contracts such as murabahah, mudharabah, musyarakah, and others.

Types of Sharia Contracts in Indonesia

In general, Sharia contracts are categorized into several main groups:

1. Tabarru’ Contracts (Non-Profit/Non-Commercial)

These contracts are intended for mutual assistance rather than profit.

• Qardh – a loan without interest, requiring repayment of the principal only.
• Wadi’ah – safekeeping or deposit of goods/money.
• Hibah – voluntary gift without compensation.
• Wakalah – granting authority to act on someone’s behalf.
• Kafalah – guarantee or surety by a third party.
• Hawalah – transfer of debt from one party to another.

2. Tijarah Contracts (Commercial/Profit-Oriented)

These contracts are designed to generate lawful profits.

• Murabahah – sale with cost-plus margin agreed upon by both parties.
• Salam – forward sale with advance payment and future delivery.
• Istisna’ – manufacturing or procurement contract based on specific orders, with flexible payment terms.
• Ijarah – lease or rental of goods or services.
• Ijarah Muntahiyah Bittamlik (IMBT) – lease contract ending with transfer of ownership.

3. Syirkah Contracts (Partnership/Joint Venture)

Contracts based on cooperation and profit-sharing.

• Musyarakah – partnership where two or more parties contribute capital, and profits are shared according to agreement.
• Mudharabah – a partnership where the capital provider (shahibul maal) entrusts funds to a manager (mudharib), with profit-sharing based on agreed ratios, while losses are borne by the capital provider unless negligence occurs.

4. Supporting and Derivative Contracts

• Rahn (Islamic Pawn) – pledging assets as collateral for a loan.
• Ju’alah – promise of reward for completing a specific task or result.
• Istijrar – repeated sale and purchase over a period with deferred payment.

Implementation in Indonesia

In practice, these contracts are applied in various sectors:

• Islamic banking → murabahah, mudharabah, musyarakah, ijarah.
• Islamic insurance (takaful) → tabarru’, wakalah bil ujrah.
• Islamic capital market → sukuk with ijarah, mudharabah, or musyarakah contracts.
• Islamic microfinance institutions (BMTs, Islamic cooperatives) → qardh, rahn, murabahah.

Conclusion

Sharia contracts in Indonesia demonstrate the flexibility of Islamic law in addressing modern economic needs. The diversity of contracts allows for fair, transparent, and lawful transactions, free from riba (usury), gharar (uncertainty), and maysir (speculation). Moving forward, strengthening regulations and improving public literacy will further solidify Sharia contracts as the foundation of Indonesia’s halal economy.

And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

___________________________

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

President Prabowo Calls to the World to End the Gaza Tragedy

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Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Jamal was arrested by Singaporean authorities after swimming illegally from Batam", "Chinese Tourist Fined for Urinating in Public", you may read also "Harvard Graduate Arrested in Ponzi Scheme Fraud" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'President Prabowo Calls to the World to End the Gaza Tragedy'.

The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto, delivered a speech at the High-Level International Conference for the Peaceful Settlement of the Palestinian Question and the Implementation of the Two-State Solution held at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly Building, New York, United States, on Monday, September 22, 2025. The Head of State then expressed deep concern over the ongoing humanitarian tragedy in Gaza. "Thousands of innocent lives, many of them women and children, have been killed. Famine threatens. A humanitarian disaster is unfolding before our eyes. We condemn all acts of violence against innocent civilians," he said.[1]

The President emphasized that the international community's historical responsibility concerns not only the future of Palestine, but also the future of Israel and the credibility of the UN itself. He stated that Indonesia remains steadfast in its commitment to a two-state solution as the only path to peace. "Therefore, Indonesia reaffirms its commitment to a two-state solution to the Palestinian issue. Only this two-state solution will bring peace," he stressed. "We must guarantee Palestinian statehood, but Indonesia also states that once Israel recognizes Palestinian independence and statehood, Indonesia will immediately recognize the State of Israel and we will support all of Israel's security guarantees," he continued.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Indonesia Tegaskan Dukungan Solusi Dua Negara, Presiden Prabowo Ajak Dunia Akhiri Tragedi Gaza", setkab.go.id, 23 September 2025, Diakses pada tanggal 29 September 2025, Link: https://setkab.go.id/indonesia-tegaskan-dukungan-solusi-dua-negara-presiden-prabowo-ajak-dunia-akhiri-tragedi-gaza/

2. Ibid.

Jamal was arrested by Singaporean authorities after swimming illegally from Batam

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Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Chinese Tourist Fined for Urinating in Public", "Harvard Graduate Arrested in Ponzi Scheme Fraud", you may read also "How to Legally Express Your Opinion in Front of Public in Indonesia" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Jamal was arrested by Singaporean authorities after swimming illegally from Batam'.

An Indonesian citizen named Jamaludin Taipabu ventured to Singapore to find work. He initially took a speedboat from Batam, jumped into the ocean, and swam to Singapore in September 2024. He then lived there for about a year.[1]

Then, in August 2025, Singaporean authorities arrested Jamal. He was sentenced to six weeks in prison and three strokes of the cane on September 16 of 2025 for entering the country without permission. During the trial, Jamal pleaded guilty to the crime. He also stated that he entered Singapore illegally to earn money because he was having difficulty supporting his family on his salary in Indonesia.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "WNI Nekat Berenang ke Singapura Cari Kerja, Berakhir di Penjara", www.cnnindonesia.com, 23 Sep 2025, Diakses pada tanggal 26 September 2025, Link: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20250923162348-106-1276868/wni-nekat-berenang-ke-singapura-cari-kerja-berakhir-di-penjara

2. Ibid.

Chinese Tourist Fined for Urinating in Public

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Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Harvard Graduate Arrested in Ponzi Scheme Fraud", "How to Legally Express Your Opinion in Front of Public in Indonesia", you may read also "Two Italian Swimmers Caught Shoplifting, Denied Entry to Singapore" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Chinese Tourist Fined for Urinating in Public'.

A Chinese tourist (Li Guorui) committed an unreasonable act. He urinated on one of the escalators at the entrance of the Singapore MRT. He has been arrested and fined tens of millions. A 41-year-old Chinese man got off at Outram Park station on January 10, 2025. He had previously consumed a large amount of beer and became very drunk at a business dinner. Upon exiting the station through Exit 3, the man unzipped his pants and urinated on the handrail of the downward-moving escalator.[1] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

Reference:

1. "Kencingi Eskalator MRT SG, Turis China Didenda Rp 24 Juta", www.detik.com., Ahmad Masaul Khoiri, 16 Januari 2025, Diakses pada tanggal 23 September 2025, Link: https://travel.detik.com/travel-news/d-7735176/kencingi-eskalator-mrt-sg-turis-china-didenda-rp-24-juta.

Harvard Graduate Arrested in Ponzi Scheme Fraud

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "How to Legally Express Your Opinion in Front of Public in Indonesia", "Bentuk Dan Cara Demonstrasi Yang Legal", you may read also "Two Italian Swimmers Caught Shoplifting, Denied Entry to Singapore" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Harvard Graduate Arrested in Ponzi Scheme Fraud'.

A Harvard Business School graduate was arrested on fraud charges. He is accused of defrauding alumni of the renowned school out of more than $4 million in a Ponzi scheme. He even promised one investor that they would soon "brag" about their "insane profits" at a school reunion.[1]

Vladimir Artamonov, 46, was arrested in Elkridge, Maryland, where he lives. He was charged with securities fraud, wire fraud, and investment advisor fraud for running the scheme from September 2021 to February 2024.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Lulusan Harvard Business School Didakwa Menipu Sesama Alumni dengan Skema Ponzi Senilai $4 Juta", //bisnisupdate.com., Sariyanti Wijaya, 19 September 2025, Diakses pada tanggal 22 September 2025, Link: https://bisnisupdate.com/bisnis/lulusan-harvard-business-school-didakwa-menipu-sesama-alumni-dengan-skema-ponzi-senilai-4-juta/271311/

2. Ibid.

How to Legally Express Your Opinion in Front of Public in Indonesia

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Bentuk Dan Cara Demonstrasi Yang Legal", "Two Italian Swimmers Caught Shoplifting, Denied Entry to Singapore", "Albania Appoints AI as "Minister"", you may read also "Get Fired for Giving a Free Lunch" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'How to Legally Express Your Opinion in Front of Public in Indonesia'.

Expressing opinions in public is a human right guaranteed by the Indonesian constitution. Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states that "Everyone has the right to freedom of association, assembly, and expression." However, this freedom is not unlimited. There are legal regulations that ensure the expression of opinions is orderly, safe, and does not violate the rights of others. Some of the legal bases are as follows:

1. Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution – guarantees freedom of opinion, association, and assembly.
2. Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning Freedom of Expression in Public.
3. The Criminal Code (KUHP) – regulates the prohibition of actions that violate public order, incitement, or hate speech.
4. The Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) (Law No. 11 of 2008 in conjunction with Law No. 19 of 2016) – regulates the expression of opinions through electronic media.

According to Law No. 9 of 1998, public expression of opinion can be carried out as follows:

1. Demonstrations;
2. Parades;
3. Public meetings;
4. Free speech.

Regarding the Legal Procedure for Expressing an Opinion so that it is legally valid, there are several steps that need to be taken into account:

1. Notification to the Police: (a). The organizer must notify the local police no later than 3 x 24 hours before the activity; (b). The notification letter contains: purpose, place, time, route, form of activity, and person in charge.
2. Comply with the Time and Place Provisions: (a). May not be carried out in the presidential palace area, places of worship, military installations, hospitals, airports/seaports, stations, terminals, and national vital objects; (b). May only be carried out between 06.00–18.00 local time.
3. Maintaining Order and Not Breaking the Law: (a). Must not carry sharp weapons or dangerous objects; (b). Must not contain hate speech, SARA, or threats of violence; (c). Must respect the rights of others, including public road users.
4. Responsibilities of Organizers and Participants: (a). The person responsible for the activity is obliged to control the course of the action; (b). If a violation of the law occurs, participants or organizers may be held criminally or civilly responsible.

When expressing opinions in public, there are principles that must be upheld. Expressing opinions in public must adhere to:

1. The principle of responsible freedom;
2. Respect the human rights of others;
3. Maintain national unity and integrity;
4. Comply with applicable laws

As a closing statement, the author would like to emphasize that expressing opinions in public is a constitutionally guaranteed right of every citizen, but its implementation must comply with the law to avoid conflict or disturbances. By understanding legal procedures, the public can express their aspirations effectively, peacefully, and within the law. And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. Indonesia Constitution of 1945;

2. Others relevant laws.

Two Italian Swimmers Caught Shoplifting, Denied Entry to Singapore

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Albania Appoints AI as "Minister"", "Get Fired for Giving a Free Lunch", you may read also "Neighboring Countries Malaysia and Indonesia Carry Out Prisoner Exchange" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Two Italian Swimmers Caught Shoplifting, Denied Entry to Singapore'.

This incident occurred shortly after the two Italian swimmers (names not disclosed) landed. Within a short time, they were caught engaging in an act that tarnished their reputation. The items taken were not disclosed. But under Singaporean law, nominal amounts are never grounds for tolerance.[1]

Singaporean authorities did not detain them in the country. Nor did they pursue the case through lengthy legal proceedings. A firm decision was made: they were barred from entry. The deportation did not need to be publicized, as the social impact of the entry ban was already sufficiently significant. Singapore sent a message that international reputation does not make anyone immune from the law.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Atlet Renang Italia Tertangkap Ngutil di Changi, Dilarang Masuk Singapura", www.vaktual.com, Diakses pada tanggal 18 September 2025, Link: https://www.vaktual.com/internasional/atlet-renang-italia-tertangkap-ngutil-di-changi-dilarang-masuk-singapura/

2. Ibid.

Albania Appoints AI as "Minister"

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Get Fired for Giving a Free Lunch", "Neighboring Countries Malaysia and Indonesia Carry Out Prisoner Exchange", you may read also "One Indonesian Citizen Arrested in a Labor Law Compliance Operation in Georgia, USA" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Albania Appoints AI as "Minister"'.

Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama has appointed artificial intelligence (AI) as the "minister" for corruption in his new cabinet. Diella, which means "sun" in Albanian, was appointed to Rama's cabinet. Rama introduced her as "a physically absent cabinet member" who will ensure that "all public tenders are 100 percent corruption-free."[1]

Legal experts believe further legal and ethical review is needed to determine Diella's official status. At last week's inauguration ceremony, Diella was depicted on screen as a woman wearing traditional Albanian clothing.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Albania Tunjuk AI Jadi 'Menteri' Berantas Korupsi", www.CNNIndonesia.com, Diakses pada tanggal 16 September 2025, Link: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20250915071557-134-1273676/albania-tunjuk-ai-jadi-menteri-berantas-korupsi.

2. Ibid.

Get Fired for Giving a Free Lunch

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Neighboring Countries Malaysia and Indonesia Carry Out Prisoner Exchange", "One Indonesian Citizen Arrested in a Labor Law Compliance Operation in Georgia, USA", you may read also "AI Chatbot Causes Australian Woman to Be Fired from Her Job" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Get Fired for Giving a Free Lunch'.

A food vendor employee named Bonnie Kimball didn't expect to be fired for providing free lunches. It happened when a high school student ran out of money to buy food. The case occurred at a high school in Mascoma Valley, Canaan, New Hampshire. When Bonnie realized the student's payment account was insufficient, she decided to provide lunch anyway, telling him to tell his mother he was out of money.[1]

The next day, the student did pay the bill. However, the vendor Bonnie worked for fired her for violating school, company, and district rules. Bonnie expressed her deep shame over the incident. Bonnie's story garnered sympathy from parents and the media. Some vendor employees also left in protest. Fresh Picks, the company that fired Bonnie, later reportedly wanted to reinstate her. However, Bonnie declined, stating that the company's offer was only for the sake of fulfilling a contract.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Pegawai Dipecat Gara-Gara Beri Makan Siang Gratis ke Siswa", www.liputan6.com, Tommy K. Rony, 20 Mei 2019, Diakses pada tanggal 13 September 2025, Link: https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/3970095/pegawai-dipecat-gara-gara-beri-makan-siang-gratis-ke-siswa

2. Ibid.

Neighboring Countries Malaysia and Indonesia Carry Out Prisoner Exchange

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "One Indonesian Citizen Arrested in a Labor Law Compliance Operation in Georgia, USA", "AI Chatbot Causes Australian Woman to Be Fired from Her Job", you may read also "VOA Journalists Lead Lawsuit Against Donald Trump's Order" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Neighboring Countries Malaysia and Indonesia Carry Out Prisoner Exchange'.

Malaysian Home Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail discussed the prisoner exchange with Indonesian Coordinating Minister for Law, Human Rights, Immigration, and Corrections, Yusril Ihza Mahendra. Saifuddin revealed that 70 Indonesian citizens were sentenced to death by the Malaysian Court. Following appeals filed by the 70 Indonesian citizens, the Malaysian Federal Court commuted the death sentences to life imprisonment for 68 Indonesian citizens.[1]

Yusril said that Malaysia's move to commute the death sentence to life imprisonment on appeal was a step forward.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "68 dari 70 WNI yang Divonis Mati di Malaysia Diubah Hukumannya Jadi Seumur Hidup", www.kumparan.com, 25 Februari 2025, Diakses pada tanggal 11 September 2025, Link: https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/68-dari-70-wni-yang-divonis-mati-di-malaysia-diubah-hukumannya-jadi-seumur-hidup-24ZNMhZ1dzb

2. Ibid.

One Indonesian Citizen Arrested in a Labor Law Compliance Operation in Georgia, USA

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "AI Chatbot Causes Australian Woman to Be Fired from Her Job", "VOA Journalists Lead Lawsuit Against Donald Trump's Order", you may read also "Trump's Global Trade Tariffs Declared Illegal by US Appeals Court" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'One Indonesian Citizen Arrested in a Labor Law Compliance Operation in Georgia, USA'.

United States (US) President Donald Trump recently warned foreign companies to comply with US laws. This came after immigration officials arrested approximately 475 people, including South Korean workers, at a Hyundai-LG battery plant under construction in the state of Georgia. The arrests were made in an operation by US authorities, intended to be implemented in Trump's national anti-immigration campaign. "Please respect our Country's Immigration Laws," Trump wrote on social media.[1]

LG Energy Solution said 47 of its employees were arrested, 46 South Koreans and one Indonesian. The company also said about 250 of those arrested were believed to be employed by its contractors, and most of them were South Koreans. Domestically, Trump has pledged to revive the US manufacturing sector while also vowing to deport millions of undocumented migrants. Despite warning investors to obey the law, Trump appeared to acknowledge a skills shortage in the domestic workforce.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Tangkap WN Korsel hingga WNI di Pabrik Hyundai, Trump Bilang Begini", www.cnbcindonesia.com, Tommy Patrio Sorongan, 08 September 2025, Diakses pada tanggal 10 September 2025, link: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20250908141848-4-665020/tangkap-wn-korsel-hingga-wni-di-pabrik-hyundai-trump-bilang-begini

2. Ibid.

AI Chatbot Causes Australian Woman to Be Fired from Her Job

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "VOA Journalists Lead Lawsuit Against Donald Trump's Order", "Trump's Global Trade Tariffs Declared Illegal by US Appeals Court", you may read also "Thai Woman Freed After King Pardons Lèse-majesté Charges" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'AI Chatbot Causes Australian Woman to Be Fired from Her Job'.

A female employee has been fired from Australia's largest bank after 25 years of service. Ironically, she was replaced by the artificial intelligence (AI) system she had trained. Kathryn Sullivan (63) was dismissed from the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) in July, along with 44 other employees. This marked the first time that a layoff was directly linked to the bank's use of AI technology.[1]

Sullivan said he didn't realize his role in scripting and testing responses for the bank's AI chatbot, called 'Bumblebee', would cost him his job. AI's growing impact on traditional jobs has raised concerns about how technology is changing the workplace.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Pegawai Bank Ini Dipecat setelah Bekerja 25 Tahun, Digantikan AI yang Dilatihnya", www.sindonews.com, 5 September 2025, Diakses pada tanggal 9 September 2025, Link: https://international.sindonews.com/read/1616095/46/pegawai-bank-ini-dipecat-setelah-bekerja-25-tahun-digantikan-ai-yang-dilatihnya-1757027360

2. Ibid.

VOA Journalists Lead Lawsuit Against Donald Trump's Order

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Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Trump's Global Trade Tariffs Declared Illegal by US Appeals Court", "Thai Woman Freed After King Pardons Lèse-majesté Charges", you may read also "Philippine Domestic Worker Fined in Singapore for Side Job" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'VOA Journalists Lead Lawsuit Against Donald Trump's Order'.

Patsy Widakuswara, lead plaintiff in lawsuit fighting order to dismantle Voice of America, says US government is becoming more aggressive. The lead plaintiff in a lawsuit fighting Donald Trump’s order to dismantle Voice of America has said the media has to resist as the administration becomes increasingly aggressive against the press. “I never in a million years thought I would have to fight for freedom of the press in the United States of America. And yet here we are,” says Patsy Widakuswara, the White House bureau chief for the broadcasting network. “As journalism is under attack, it feels empowering to fight back. We need more people to resist and fight back.”[1]

The White House reporter is now leading the charge to save VOA, which the US president has described as “anti-Trump” and “radical”. In March, Trump signed an executive order that effectively cut off its funding via its parent company, the US Agency for Global Media (USAGM). Launched in 1942, initially to counter Nazi propaganda, VOA is a federally funded international broadcasting network, produced in dozens of languages that reach about 350 million people around the globe.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "‘Fight back’: journalist taking Trump administration to court calls for media to resist attacks", www.theguardian.com, Diakses pada tanggal 6 September 2025, Link: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/05/patsy-widakuswara-voice-of-america-lawsuit-trump-administration-press-freedom

2. Ibid.

Trump's Global Trade Tariffs Declared Illegal by US Appeals Court

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Thai Woman Freed After King Pardons Lèse-majesté Charges", "Philippine Domestic Worker Fined in Singapore for Side Job", you may read also "The Disappearance of Three Civil Rights Activists Inspired the Mississippi Burning Movie" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Trump's Global Trade Tariffs Declared Illegal by US Appeals Court'.

A United States Court of Appeals has declared most of President Donald Trump's global trade tariffs invalid. However, the tariffs remain in effect temporarily, giving Trump the opportunity to pursue a lawsuit all the way to the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that Trump had exceeded the authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). The court noted that the statute grants the president broad powers in the event of a national emergency, but does not include the right to impose tariffs or similar levies.[1]

This ruling upholds a lower court's earlier ruling that declared Trump's tariff policy unlawful. If the Supreme Court rejects Trump's appeal, companies are expected to sue for damages resulting from the tariffs.[2] And if you have any legal issue in Indonesia territory, contact us for business inquiry, feel free in 24 hour, we will be glad to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Pengadilan Banding AS Nyatakan Tarif Trump Ilegal", ikpi.or.id, Diakses pada tanggal 2 September 2025, Link: https://ikpi.or.id/pengadilan-banding-as-nyatakan-tarif-trump-ilegal/

2. Ibid.